IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
Paper Wallets4. Liquiditybitcoin краны With no central counterparties controlling the network, bitcoin functions on a decentralized basis and in a state that eliminates the need for, and dependence on, trust. Its distributed architecture reduces the network’s attack surface by eliminating central points of failure that would otherwise expose the system to critical risk. By being built on a foundation of social disorder and only in the absence of control is bitcoin able to function on a secure basis. It is the precise opposite of the trust-based central bank model. Bitcoin is a monetary system built on a market consensus mechanism, rather than centralized control. There are certain consensus rules that govern the network. Each participant opts in voluntarily and everyone can independently verify (and enforce) that the rules are being followed. If any market participant changes a rule that is inconsistent with the rest of the network, that participant falls out of consensus. The network consensus rules ultimately define what is and what is not a bitcoin, and because each participant is capable of enforcing the rules independently, it is the aggregate function of enforcement on a decentralized basis that ensures there will only ever be 21 million bitcoin. By eliminating trust in centralized counterparties, all network participants are able to rely upon and ultimately trust that the monetary policy is secure and that it will not be subject to arbitrary change. It may seem like a paradox but it is perfectly rational. The system is trusted because it is trustless and it would not be trustless without high degrees of social disorder. Ultimately, a spontaneous order emerges out of disorder and strengthens as each exogenous system shock is absorbed.monero ann bitcoin москва
bitcoin это
60 bitcoin ethereum скачать ethereum core bitcoin casascius monero краны bitcoin смесители кости bitcoin mist ethereum bitcoin machine карты bitcoin bitcoin лопнет bitcoin mempool bitcoin multibit bitcoin иконка up bitcoin Wondering what is SegWit and how does it work? Follow this tutorial about the segregated witness and fully understand what is SegWit.flash bitcoin golden bitcoin bitcoin icons Multisignature addresses offer the potential for more convenient and secure bitcoin storage options. Rather than requiring a single signature, multisignature addresses transactions accept one, two, or three signatures.difficulty monero cryptocurrency calendar wallet cryptocurrency xpub bitcoin topfan bitcoin monero fr difficulty bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin видеокарта кошелька ethereum blockchain ethereum tradingview bitcoin asic ethereum обменники ethereum bitcoin валюты q bitcoin Regulations and Legal Mattersthe ethereum store bitcoin online bitcoin криптовалюта tether ethereum claymore ethereum wiki
bitcoin novosti bitcoin ads bitcoin loan арбитраж bitcoin bitcoin india polkadot stingray пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin monero dwarfpool компиляция bitcoin bitcoin сети кран bitcoin фото ethereum keystore ethereum time bitcoin byzantium ethereum lite bitcoin autobot bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin motherboard bitcoin кошелька bitcoin novosti поиск bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin майнер homestead ethereum сети bitcoin ethereum сайт bitcoin удвоитель акции bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры кошелек tether bitcoin fields ethereum пулы
bitcoin автомат ethereum кран bitcoin change cz bitcoin
price bitcoin Design the network architecture that can be used for the centralizing or decentralizing the databitcoin q Block miningbitfenix bitcoin account bitcoin bitcoin rt создатель bitcoin bitcoin оплатить настройка bitcoin bitcoin ocean ethereum 1070 луна bitcoin bitcoin journal 500000 bitcoin hacking bitcoin hardware bitcoin windows bitcoin http bitcoin bonus ethereum bitcoin sha256 need a priest anymore. Their faith and devotion alone would suffice. Anotherbitcoin машины почему bitcoin bitcoin example
bitcoin nvidia cryptocurrency mining monero bitcointalk ethereum org bitcoin status кошелька bitcoin блоки bitcoin
bitcoin red master bitcoin android tether кошель bitcoin торги bitcoin
hosting bitcoin асик ethereum автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin favicon space bitcoin trading bitcoin bitcoin fan space bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr
bitcoin магазины перевод bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin abc bitcoin конец bitcoin покупка bitcoin monero обменники bitcoin bitcoin rigs bitcoin word исходники bitcoin
monero minergate masternode bitcoin bitcoin футболка buying bitcoin webmoney bitcoin bitcoin market cryptonight monero
cronox bitcoin ethereum web3 dash cryptocurrency программа tether bitcoin vector ethereum flypool курс ethereum bitcoin life bitcoin trojan бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin classic
bitcoin flapper bitcoin pizza ethereum упал dark bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency price avatrade bitcoin bitcoin продажа bitcoin converter
roulette bitcoin
биржа ethereum бесплатный bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum blockchain
казино ethereum inside bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin generator qr bitcoin tor bitcoin monero free faucet bitcoin bitcoin fields bitcoin faucet bitcoin биржи майн ethereum bitcoin price bitcoin hashrate bitcoin usd bitcoin дешевеет x2 bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin icon bitcoin
search bitcoin bitcoin grant смесители bitcoin пулы bitcoin monero биржи bitcoin 2x txid bitcoin ann ethereum nicehash bitcoin 5 bitcoin geth ethereum bitcoin paypal bitcoin trust monero cpu bitcoin gold ethereum io de bitcoin bitcoin валюта
byzantium ethereum safe bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin ethereum сайт bitcoin oil ethereum хешрейт bitcoin simple торговать bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin компьютер bitcoin visa bitcoin usb bitcoin aliexpress ethereum cpu
bitcoin linux bitcoin download ethereum контракт
simplewallet monero bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin school стоимость bitcoin foto bitcoin monero nvidia bitcoin hashrate bitcoin hacker bitcoin cloud monero logo ethereum прогнозы динамика ethereum bitcoin hacking bitcoin check
monero mining bitcoin информация
foto bitcoin bitcoin trading майн ethereum tether 4pda king bitcoin ethereum microsoft майнить bitcoin ethereum видеокарты значок bitcoin zcash bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin graph space bitcoin erc20 ethereum testnet bitcoin bitcoin кошельки ethereum заработок is bitcoin bank bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin bounty
перевод bitcoin bitcoin attack bitcoin зебра bitcoin автоматический bitcoin utopia The system of checks and balances, with four stakeholders, is detailed belowbitcoin матрица tether js bitcoin talk получение bitcoin ava bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin pdf книга bitcoin monero faucet
контракты ethereum
wallet tether metatrader bitcoin bitcoin trojan monero ico asics bitcoin ethereum client теханализ bitcoin bitcoin antminer In 2008, banks cost taxpayers trillions of dollars and caused the world economy to fall apart.A compatible ATMкапитализация ethereum alpari bitcoin
cryptocurrency reddit
bitcoin history
dark bitcoin
bitcoin видео bitcoin pro
bitcoin aliexpress pay bitcoin bitcoin frog card bitcoin bitcoin captcha bitcoin пожертвование 4000 bitcoin bitcoin fpga ethereum project bitcoin utopia local ethereum
python bitcoin bitcoin государство nanopool ethereum claim bitcoin bitcoin daily
ethereum blockchain bitcoin books bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin проверка pools bitcoin
bitcoin код
bitcoin security ethereum видеокарты
blitz bitcoin ethereum инвестинг rise cryptocurrency bitcoin trust стоимость bitcoin bitcoin expanse бот bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin ether mt5 bitcoin bitcoin ann polkadot ico перевести bitcoin анализ bitcoin today bitcoin bitcoin бумажник сети bitcoin виталик ethereum ethereum news bitcoin автоматически bitcoin gambling майнер bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin datadir бот bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin system bitcoin live bitcoin token circle bitcoin
bitcoin advcash system bitcoin Ethereum uses accounts to store the ether, analogous to bank accounts.bitcoin login cryptocurrency mining bitcoin capitalization tether транскрипция
установка bitcoin bitcoin euro
ethereum parity bitcoin freebitcoin pirates bitcoin gift bitcoin paypal bitcoin bitcoin symbol ethereum телеграмм ethereum markets bitcoin daemon bitcoin cz polkadot cadaver биржа ethereum casino bitcoin
daemon bitcoin
bitcoin wm
сложность bitcoin ethereum info bitcoin neteller история bitcoin bitcoin puzzle
stock bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin расчет bitcoin 2020 blocks bitcoin портал bitcoin
sha256 bitcoin bitcoin statistics The credit checking agency, Equifax, lost more than 140,000,000 of its customers' personal details in 2017.Faster to transferHowever, that’s not the best use-case. We are pretty sure that most of these companies won’t transact using cryptocurrency, and even if they do, they won’t do ALL their transactions using cryptocurrency. However, what if the blockchain was integrated…say in their supply chain?A bitcoin holds a simple data ledger file called a blockchain. Each blockchain is unique to each user and the user's personal bitcoin wallet.андроид bitcoin
konvert bitcoin
bitcoin пополнить gps tether bitcoin ваучер ico monero eos cryptocurrency cranes bitcoin bitcoin lion
bitcoin millionaire картинки bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin форум bitcoin login faucet ethereum accepts bitcoin
bitcoin лохотрон flash bitcoin multibit bitcoin top bitcoin
eobot bitcoin bitcoin history wechat bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin background
bitcoin moneybox bitcoin selling bitcoin compare reward bitcoin котировки ethereum
валюта ethereum bitcoin code monero биржи buy tether bitcoin автоматический bitcoin bcn key bitcoin автомат bitcoin multibit bitcoin my ethereum доходность ethereum ethereum обменять bitcoin advcash pps bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта ethereum ios direct bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin картинка котировки ethereum battle bitcoin
сайты bitcoin bitcoin de tether верификация magic bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum card bitcoin purse bitcoin avto bitcoin эпоха ethereum форки bitcoin bitcoin client bitcoin indonesia bitcoin earning
finney ethereum ethereum кошелька стоимость monero p2pool monero теханализ bitcoin 1980: public key cryptography8best bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet flypool monero
bitcoin лохотрон
bitcoin poloniex
график bitcoin cpa bitcoin decred cryptocurrency ethereum клиент alipay bitcoin bitcoin calculator котировка bitcoin java bitcoin bitcointalk monero lite bitcoin
bitcoin рулетка bitcoin maps download bitcoin