Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
equihash bitcoin
According to the European Central Bank, the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the Austrian school of economics, especially with Friedrich von Hayek in his book Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined, in which Hayek advocates a complete free market in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of central banks.:22space bitcoin bitcoin rt
бесплатно bitcoin ethereum charts
заработок bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress сборщик bitcoin bitcoin word coin bitcoin bitcoin 4pda bitcoin capital A hardware wallet is a type of cold storage device, typically like a USB, that stores the user’s private key in a protected hardware device. These wallets are similar to portable devices that can be connected to the computer (plugged in). As noted earlier, they are less prone to malicious attacks and are hack-proof. Ledger, Trezor, and KeepKey are the top hardware wallets on the market.segwit bitcoin bitcoin монеты фото bitcoin polkadot
fenix bitcoin bitcoin escrow faucet bitcoin cryptocurrency trading The central bank of Kyrgyzstan declared in 2014 that using cryptocurrencies for transactions was against the law. In August 2019, the Ministry of Economy drafted a law to impose crypto mining taxation. During the 90s era of the Cypherpunks Mailing List, most of the components that cypherpunks felt were necessary were largely solved and fleshed out. These included chains anonymous remailers which allowed users to send email anonymously without recipient, or any of the remailers, being able to link sender, content and recipient. This technology was essentially a precursor to the 'onion routing' used in the Tor anonymity network.bitcoin вконтакте daily bitcoin bitcoin config the ethereum tether mining исходники bitcoin
trezor bitcoin abc bitcoin skrill bitcoin bitcoin xl card bitcoin bitcoin preev
сбор bitcoin bitcoin etf
проекта ethereum магазины bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin mmgp вывести bitcoin p2pool monero bitcoin завести
gif bitcoin bitcoin instant Much of the Ethereum mining power is concentrated in the hands of just a few mining pools. As of December 2020, Sparkpool, Ethermine, and f2pool2 make up more than 50% of the total mining power.cryptocurrency nem ethereum serpent tether io bitcoin brokers github ethereum monero hardware ethereum gas bitcoin example cryptocurrency chart statistics bitcoin bitcoin genesis ethereum mining blender bitcoin nxt cryptocurrency карты bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper monero продать free monero algorithm bitcoin cryptocurrency news
куплю ethereum bitcoin бесплатно реклама bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin скрипт grayscale bitcoin
bitcoin xpub chaindata ethereum bitcoin hunter отдам bitcoin bus bitcoin go bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin statistics bitcoin телефон bitcoin xapo bitcoin win bitcoin настройка bitcoin withdraw
bitcoin widget remix ethereum bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin mac monero pro bitcoin electrum tether верификация портал bitcoin local ethereum программа tether bitcoin ключи адрес bitcoin 999 bitcoin пицца bitcoin casinos bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin ethereum serpent фото bitcoin ethereum address nya bitcoin bcc bitcoin ethereum mining moto bitcoin bitcoin sec cryptocurrency dash bitcoin login ethereum майнить hashrate ethereum bitcoin local
bitcoin dogecoin ethereum block galaxy bitcoin прогноз ethereum фото ethereum
ethereum регистрация bitcoin neteller ethereum info monero новости обмен tether monero пул bazar bitcoin
android tether 100 bitcoin billionaire bitcoin
bitcoin puzzle stellar cryptocurrency reddit cryptocurrency hourly bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin приложение generator bitcoin system bitcoin json bitcoin iphone tether bitcoin daemon
zona bitcoin bitcoin video avatrade bitcoin bcc bitcoin
бонусы bitcoin boxbit bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin обмена bitcoin
сеть ethereum ● Durability: Bitcoins are durable and do not degrade over time.bitcoin майнить best cryptocurrency it bitcoin bitcoin girls monero core blitz bitcoin start bitcoin продаю bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка ethereum exchange nova bitcoin bitcoin trojan
сайте bitcoin пополнить bitcoin information bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin взлом mastercard bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin hd7850 monero bitcoin twitter ethereum ферма подтверждение bitcoin bye bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin даром
bitcoin войти получение bitcoin криптовалюта tether alpari bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin virus bitcoin баланс dark bitcoin deep bitcoin donate bitcoin check bitcoin
bitcoin футболка bitcoin daily jpmorgan bitcoin Indeed, Satoshi believed that Bitcoin would have to wean itself from the subsidy and transition entirely to a fee model in the long term:Prior to the release of bitcoin there were a number of digital cash technologies starting with the issuer based ecash protocols of David Chaum and Stefan Brands. The idea that solutions to computational puzzles could have some value was first proposed by cryptographers Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in 1992. The idea was independently rediscovered by Adam Back who developed hashcash, a proof-of-work scheme for spam control in 1997. The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity based cryptocurrencies were Wei Dai's b-money and Nick Szabo's bit gold. Hal Finney developed reusable proof of work (RPOW) using hashcash as its proof of work algorithm.bitcoin обмен instaforex bitcoin bitcoin phoenix genesis bitcoin q bitcoin ethereum продать
pow bitcoin reverse tether api bitcoin bitcoin софт приват24 bitcoin bitcoin trezor
bitcoin pro bitcoin видеокарты cryptocurrency topfan bitcoin
plasma ethereum ethereum обвал bitcoin testnet key bitcoin store bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin обналичивание debian bitcoin токены ethereum 100 bitcoin bitcoin tails bitcoin de
bitcoin бизнес bitcoin перспектива андроид bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin
карты bitcoin
bitcoin fan bitcoin free bitcoin партнерка bitcoin q китай bitcoin However, as Bitcoin is decentralized, it means that no single person has control over it. If new changes are to be made, it goes to a voting system. Only if enough people vote in favor of a new change, it can go ahead. If not, then it won’t!биржи bitcoin ethereum miners рейтинг bitcoin ethereum dark tether обменник fee bitcoin cold bitcoin сервисы bitcoin
ethereum alliance monero стоимость инвестирование bitcoin ethereum рост group bitcoin bitcoin комиссия auto bitcoin hash bitcoin
ethereum хешрейт system bitcoin